Countries: World, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Source: World Health Organization Situation at a glance Yellow fever is a viral disease found in areas of Africa and the Americas, spread by infected mosquitoes. Following an increase of cases in the Americas in 2025, transmission activity remained into 2026. From 1 January to 26 May 2026, six countries reported a total of 79 human infections along with multiple epizootics, indicating active sylvatic circulation. In Africa, sustained activity continued across parts of the region, affecting 13 high-risk countries (as per classification in the Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy). From January to May 2026, three countries in Africa reported 16 confirmed human cases, with an additional 32 suspected cases under investigation in five other countries. The recent rapid risk assessment assessed geographical variations in vaccination coverage, evidence of viral circulation, and the presence of competent vectors, concluding that unvaccinated populations in countries or areas with a history of yellow fever transmission remain at greatest risk. Transmission dynamics are further influenced by seasonal ecological factors, particularly rainfall, temperature, and mosquito abundance. Outbreaks reported from October 2025 through May 2026 in countries or areas with a history of yellow fever transmission were generally consistent with seasonal patterns or reflected gaps in immunization coverage. In contrast, cases detected in previously unaffected areas suggest viral introduction and an increased risk of urban transmission. No imported cases were detected outside the two affected WHO regions, but expanding vector suitability, rapid urbanization, climate shifts, and increased mobility continue to create conditions conducive to international spread. WHO emphasizes the importance of active surveillance, timely laboratory testing, cross-border coordination, and information sharing. Vaccination remains the primary means for the prevention and control of yellow fever. WHO continues to support countries in expanding vaccination coverage through routine immunization programmes and preventive vaccination campaigns to enhance population immunity and reduce the risk of outbreaks. Description of the situation Globally, in 2025 and early 2026, sylvatic yellow fever (YF) transmission in high-risk areas has been strongly influenced by rainfall, temperature and mosquito ecology. In 2025, the epidemiological situation was defined by sustained transmission in Africa and a notable rise in the Americas, including spread into lower‐risk zones. African Region: Twenty-six countries in the WHO African Region and one in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region are considered high-risk for YF as per EYE strategy classification. Of these 27 countries, 26 have introduced the yellow fever vaccine in their routine immunization schedule, however coverage in many countries remains below target with an average coverage of 65% across the region in 2024. Since 2023, eight countries with no recent activity have detected new cases, indicating viral circulation in areas with low vaccination coverage and limited surveillance capacity. In 2025, two outbreaks were recorded (in Angola and in Central African Republic) along with several events that required emergency vaccination. From January to May 2026, 16 confirmed cases were reported in three countries (Burkina Faso, Central African Republic and Cameroon), with additional suspected cases under investigation reported in five countries (Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, and Nigeria). Most infections are linked to ongoing sylvatic transmission spilling over into rural, under‐immunized communities. Recurrent events are straining health systems and increasing the risk of cross‐border spread. Region of the Americas: All 13 countries at high-risk for YF as per EYE strategy classification include the vaccine in their routine immunization, but coverage varies widely. After limited activity in 2024, transmission expanded sharply in 2025, including into areas that had not reported cases for decades. The region recorded 241 cases and 100 deaths between late 2024 and early 2025, an eightfold increase from the previous year. From January to May 2026, six countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) reported 79 confirmed cases, with Colombia most affected due to sylvatic exposure and travel by unvaccinated visitors. Ecological suitability for mosquito vectors, uneven vaccination coverage, increased human mobility, and the expansion of urban areas into forested environments continue to facilitate viral transmission. Other Regions: In regions outside Africa and the Americas, the risk of YF is primarily associated with imported cases, as no established local transmission cycles are present. Many countries require proof of vaccination for travellers from at‐risk areas. No imported cases were detected in 2025–2026, but ongoing transmission elsewhere, expanding vector habitats, rapid urbanization, and high international mobility mean the risk of introduction persists. The impact of any imported case would depend on rapid detection and the ability to respond effectively in areas where competent mosquito vectors are present. Epidemiology Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by day biting infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes, Haemagogus and Sabethes species, occurring in tropical regions of Africa and the Americas. A total of 27 countries in Africa and 13 in Central and South America are considered at high risk for yellow fever transmission, with the majority of the global burden reported from Africa. The disease remains a major public health concern due to its epidemic potential and risk of international spread, particularly to areas with competent vectors and low population immunity. Globally, yellow fever is estimated to cause between 67 000 and 173 000 severe cases annually, resulting in approximately 31 000 to 82 000 deaths. Transmission occurs through mosquito bites in three epidemiological cycles: sylvatic (jungle), intermediate, and urban, with the latter posing the greatest risk for large outbreaks in densely populated settings. The incubation period is typically 3–6 days. Most infections are asymptomatic or present with a mild febrile illness characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting, which generally resolve within a few days. However, approximately 15% of cases progress to a severe form of disease, marked by recurrence of high fever, jaundice, haemorrhage, and multi-organ failure. Among those who develop severe disease, case fatality can reach around 50% within 7–10 days. Outbreaks can be difficult to detect and quantify, as the clinical presentation overlaps with other endemic diseases such as malaria, dengue and viral hepatitis, and surveillance systems may underreport cases. During epidemics, the actual number of infections is estimated to be 10 to 250 times higher than reported figures. Rapid laboratory confirmation and timely response are therefore critical for outbreak control. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure, providing lifelong immunity after a single dose, and is central to outbreak prevention and control strategies, alongside vector surveillance and control measures. The recommendations by the WHO Secretariat for vaccination against YF for international travellers are available here. Public health response WHO is strengthening capacities for YF preparedness and response at national, regional, and global levels, including: continuous global surveillance of yellow fever and disease activity, and support for surveillance and outbreak response efforts; assisting countries in developing and implementing prevention and control strategies; strengthening diagnostic capacity and laboratory networks; promoting increased vaccine coverage; enhancing risk communication. To respond effectively to yellow fever outbreaks, public health measures have been implemented in the African Region and the Region of the Americas. The countries have implemented coordination actions to respond to the identified yellow fever cases and outbreaks, focusing on strengthening preventive measures, improving surveillance and implementing vaccination actions. In non-endemic WHO regions, public health actions focus on preparedness to prevent importation and onward transmission of yellow fever. Efforts prioritize traveller vaccination, early detection, and readiness, particularly in areas where competent vectors are present. Coordination The two Regions have implemented coordination actions to respond to the identified yellow fever cases and outbreaks. WHO African Region Regional coordination mechanisms were strengthened through regular engagement with Member States, EYE partners, and technical networks to support preparedness and response activities. Technical support was provided for outbreak verification, risk assessment, and case classification, including regional reviews of PRNT-positive cases from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and the Republic of the Congo. Weekly updates on yellow fever events were shared through regional and global coordination platforms, including the Yellow Fever Partners Technical Forum, to facilitate information sharing and operational decision-making. WHO Region of the Americas Ongoing risk assessments were conducted to guide the regional response to the yellow fever outbreak. The response was managed operationally under a structure equivalent to a Level 2 emergency, with coordination mechanisms activated at PAHO Headquarters and in the affected countries. A multidisciplinary Incident Command System (ICS) was established, composed of specialists from various technical units and departments. A strategic regional action plan was developed, linked to the mobilization of financial and technical resources to support preparedness and response activities. The Regional Emergency Response Team was activated and coordinated the deployment of specialists to the affected countries to strengthen national capacities in surveillance, laboratory testing, immunization, clinical management, vector control, and risk communication. Regular coordination and follow-up mechanisms were established with Member States to monitor the epidemiological evolution of the outbreak, share technical information, and facilitate the implementation of harmonized response actions throughout the Region. Surveillance The following activities were implemented in the Regions with reported cases: African Region Surveillance activities were strengthened through support for case detection, investigation, verification, and classification of suspected yellow fever cases. Weekly regional monitoring and analysis of yellow fever events were conducted to support risk assessment and guide response activities, including the production and dissemination of the AFRO Yellow Fever Weekly Update. Technical support was provided for epidemiological investigations and the classification of laboratory-confirmed and PRNT-positive cases in affected countries. Region of the Americas Issuance of regional epidemiological alerts and continuous monitoring of the epidemiological situation in the Americas. Technical support to countries to strengthen epizootic disease surveillance in nonhuman primates as an early warning system. Development of regional guidelines for monitoring epizootics (in progress). Development and updating of regional guidelines for the epidemiological surveillance of yellow fever, including case definitions, outbreak definitions, and outbreak closure criteria (in progress). Organization of the Regional Meeting of Experts on Yellow Fever (Bogotá, 2026) to review and update regional technical guidelines and promote consensus among experts in the Region. Regional analysis of ecological corridors and areas of transmission expansion. Development of public health action matrices based on epidemiological context (enzootic/non-enzootic) (in progress) Laboratory At the Regional level, the following actions have been carried out: African Region WHO supported laboratory confirmation and case classification of yellow fever cases. Technical support was provided through the regional yellow fever laboratory network to support confirmatory testing, interpretation of laboratory findings, and quality-assured diagnosis. Regional reviews of laboratory results, including PRNT-positive findings from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and the Republic of the Congo, were conducted to support case classification and public health decision-making. Region of the Americas All enzootic countries currently have molecular diagnostic capacity to detect the virus in both serum and tissue samples (essential for confirming fatal cases). In addition, support has been provided to expand detection in non-human primates, enhancing epizootic surveillance as an early warning system. Efforts are also underway to implement virus detection in mosquito populations, further broadening surveillance strategies. At the same time, collaboration with selected countries is advancing the decentralization of testing, ensuring access to diagnostic capacity in remote and border areas where timely detection is critical. Case Management Specific actions are taken at the regional level: Region of the Americas Development and dissemination of the Regional Clinical Management Guidelines for Critical Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Yellow Fever (published in 2025). Delivery of regional in-person training and technical assistance to strengthen early detection, severity assessment, patient referral, and management of severe cases. Support to countries in the review and update of clinical protocols and in the preparedness of health services to respond to increased healthcare demand. Development of a virtual course on the clinical management of yellow fever. Training of countries on minimally invasive autopsy techniques for deaths associated with yellow fever. Convening of expert consultations to define and strengthen patient care pathways and clinical management approaches. Immunization African Region Vaccination activities were supported through preventive and reactive vaccination campaigns, strengthening routine immunization, and provision of technical assistance for campaign planning and implementation. In 2025, preventive mass vaccination campaigns reached approximately 15. 2 million people in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1. 6 million people nationwide in Guinea-Bissau, 9. 6 million people in Maradi, Agadez, and Tahoua regions of Niger and 4. 2 million people in 13 districts of Uganda. By May 2026, an additional 2. 4 million people had been vaccinated through a preventive campaign in Dosso District, Niger. Reactive vaccination campaigns were conducted from January 2025 to May 2026 in response to outbreaks or situations with epidemic potential in Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Côte d’Ivoire. In 2025, these campaigns reached more than one million people in affected districts. By May 2026, additional reactive campaigns reached approximately 491 000 people in Côte d’Ivoire, 162 000 in Mali, and more than 400 000 people in Cameroon. Technical support was provided to Member States through the International Coordinating Group (ICG) mechanism, including support for vaccine requests, deployment, monitoring, and evaluation. This included support for outbreak response vaccination activities in Central African Republic and vaccine deployment planning in Angola, Liberia, and Mali. Routine immunization strengthening efforts were also implemented, including periodic intensification of routine immunization activities. Gabon also reached 8 156 children in two rounds of Periodic Intensification of Routine Immunization. Overall, preventive and reactive vaccination campaigns supported by WHO and partners reached more than 35 million people across high-risk and affected countries between 2025 and May 2026. Region of the Americas Technical support to countries has focused on the following lines of action: updating the regional yellow fever vaccination guideline, which incorporates the programmatic context for the use of fractional doses, the single‐dose schedule, recommendations for coadministration with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) first dose vaccine (MMR1), vaccination considerations for precaution groups, guidance for urban outbreak response, and parameters for safety stock management. The guideline was reviewed and validated by regional experts during the 2026 Yellow Fever Expert Meeting in Bogotá, ensuring consensus and alignment with the most recent evidence. Technical meetings with countries have been conducted to strengthen Surveillance of Events Supposedly Attributable to Vaccination or Immunization (ESAVI) surveillance in the context of outbreak response and vaccination of precaution groups. A susceptible population estimation tool has been developed and made available to all countries in the Region to support planning for preventive and reactive vaccination campaigns. Immunization teams have also provided support for vaccination planning in preparedness contexts as well as during outbreak response operations, including microplanning for outbreak response campaigns. Entomological Surveillance and Vector Control At the regional level, vector surveillance and control capacities that were developed as part of the arbovirus response: African Region WHO promoted the incorporation of entomological investigations into yellow fever outbreak investigations to better characterize transmission risks and guide public health interventions. Technical guidance supported Member States in considering vector surveillance and vector control measures as part of integrated yellow fever prevention and response strategies. Region of the Americas Development, and publication of regional technical guidelines for entomological surveillance and vector control for yellow fever (2025). Strengthening national capacities in entomovirology for yellow fever, including detection and characterization of viruses in vectors, with emphasis on personnel training and laboratory capacity building. Strengthening capacities for surveillance of sylvatic and urban vectors of yellow fever, including training in standardized collection methods, taxonomic identification, and safe transport of biological samples, as well as risk assessment for urban transmission and technical support for implementing vector control measures in high-risk areas. Risk Communication and Community Engagement Risk communication and community engagement have been enhanced. Region of the Americas Development and dissemination of regional risk communication materials for communities, health workers, and travelers. Technical support to countries in designing risk communication and community engagement strategies to promote vaccination, report animal disease outbreaks, and strengthen public confidence during outbreaks and vaccination campaigns. Development of messages and guidance for managing rumors, misinformation, and concerns related to vaccine safety. Development of the regional guide “Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Yellow Fever Outbreaks in the Americas: Operational Guide for National, Subnational, and Community Teams” (in progress) WHO risk assessment Yellow fever remains a significant public health threat in regions with historical transmission, particularly in parts of Africa and South America. Although the virus is maintained primarily through mosquito–primate transmission cycles, periodic spillover into human populations continues to occur, especially in forested and rural environments. While competent vectors are widely present and ecological and peri‐urban habitats are expanding, the potential for spread into new areas, including urban centres, remains substantial, particularly where population immunity is low. Outbreak risk is further amplified by population movement, fragile health systems, and gaps in routine vaccination. Although most affected countries have established surveillance systems, insecurity, limited healthcare access, and delayed clinical presentation frequently hinder outbreak investigations and timely treatment. While early symptoms resemble other endemic diseases and laboratory capacity is often constrained, delays in diagnosis contribute to under‐reporting, especially in remote areas. As a result, the true burden of yellow fever is likely underestimated. Unvaccinated individuals living in rural or forest‐edge communities remain the most exposed, while urban and peri‐urban populations in newly affected areas may also be at risk when competent vectors are present and immunity gaps persist. Travellers who are not vaccinated and who move into high‐transmission regions similarly face increased risk. Yellow fever introduction into regions where Aedes aegypti is established remains possible through viremic travellers arriving from high‐transmission settings. Although no urban transmission has been documented in 2025-2026 in high‐risk countries, limited vector‐ surveillance and control capacity could facilitate spread if the virus were introduced in an insufficiently immunized population. While a sylvatic cycle has not been established in regions without prior yellow fever circulation, ecological suitability, cross‐border movement, the presence of non‐human primates, and gaps in immunity and surveillance continue to create vulnerability in several African countries classified as moderate risk. In countries lacking competent vectors, imported cases may occur, although onward transmission is unlikely; in these settings, the primary challenge is timely clinical recognition. Vaccination remains the strongest determinant of risk. While vaccinated populations are well protected, unvaccinated individuals in at‐risk areas face the highest likelihood of infection and severe disease. Even in areas without documented circulation, limited surveillance means that undetected transmission cannot be entirely excluded. As of 17 June 2026, WHO assesses the risk of YF transmission to be low at the global level and moderate in regions with historical transmission, specifically the WHO African Region and the WHO Region of the Americas. Further details on the WHO risk assessment are available here. WHO advice Although immunization remains one of the most effective public health interventions for preventing this disease, most cases of yellow fever in humans reported during 2025 and 2026 had no history of yellow fever vaccination. Adequate preparedness and response to yellow fever outbreaks requires the integration of several components in addition to vaccination; epizootic surveillance and entomological surveillance, vector control, and risk communication should be considered. WHO encourages Member States to continue their surveillance and vaccination efforts in areas with history of yellow fever transmission (African Region & Region of the Americas). It is essential that countries achieve high vaccination coverage (A>80% in populations in risk areas, in a homogeneous manner, and that health authorities ensure that they have a strategic reserve inventory that allows them to maintain routine vaccination and, at the same time, respond effectively to possible outbreaks. The global stockpile of yellow fever vaccines, coordinated by the International Coordinating Group (ICG ), is available to all countries to facilitate rapid outbreak response and preventive vaccination efforts. Surveillance Member states in the African Region and the Region of the Americas that have areas at risk for yellow fever are encouraged to maintain strong epidemiological surveillance to detect the virus early and protect communities. Health authorities should issue timely alerts outlining how to identify a suspected case and ensure immediate reporting, even prior to laboratory confirmation. Active case finding, particularly for individuals presenting with fever and jaundice, should be conducted not only in affected areas but also in neighboring locations and places visited by the patient before symptom onset. In addition, retrospective review of recent death records can help identify cases that may have been missed. WHO emphasizes active surveillance, cross-border coordination, and timely information sharing. It is advised to strengthen surveillance through systematic investigation and laboratory testing of all suspected cases. Investigations should include assessment of the probable site of infection, documentation of exposure to wildlife or other potential vectors, verification of vaccination status, contact tracing with identification of potential secondary cases, and characterization of the transmission context. Epizootic surveillance For Member states in the Region of the Americas that have high-risk areas for yellow fever, epizootic surveillance of non human primates is a critical early warning component of yellow fever monitoring. Because these species develop and succumb to infection before humans, confirmed illness or mortality among primates provides one of the earliest indicators of viral circulation in the sylvatic cycle. Detecting these events promptly enables health authorities to initiate rapid response measures, including enhanced human surveillance, field investigations, vector control, and targeted preventive vaccination in populations at risk. When implemented systematically and coordinated across human, animal, and environmental health sectors, this One Health approach strengthens outbreak preparedness and reduces the likelihood of human transmission. Laboratory diagnosis The diagnosis of yellow fever is mainly carried out using virological methods (detection of the virus or genetic material in serum or tissue), serological tests to detect antibodies. Virological diagnosis of yellow fever relies primarily on RT‐PCR, which can detect viral RNA during the first 5–10 days of illness and provides definitive confirmation when positive. Post‐mortem diagnosis is best achieved through liver histopathology with immunohistochemistry, supported by molecular testing of tissue samples. Serology becomes useful after day 5, but results must be interpreted cautiously due to cross‐reactivity with other flaviviruses and the influence of recent vaccination. PRNT offers greater specificity but can still show cross‐reactions in areas with multiple circulating flaviviruses. Overall, confirmation requires integrating laboratory results with epidemiological context and ruling out other flavivirus infections. Post-vaccination immune response Vaccination induces a relatively low viremia that decreases after 4 to 7 days. Simultaneously, an IgM-type response develops that cannot be differentiated from the IgM response induced by natural infection. Approximately 10 days after vaccination, the person is considered protected against natural infection. Thus, the vaccine IgM response can be detected around day five onwards, with a peak generally occurring two weeks after vaccination. Subsequently, the levels of these antibodies tend to decrease. However, IgM antibodies can persist for years after vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination can be detected for several decades. This makes the interpretation of serological results in vaccinated individuals particularly complex, requiring careful evaluation. Clinical management Yellow fever is a severe viral hemorrhagic disease with sudden onset and a high fatality rate in its severe forms. The illness progresses through infection, remission, and a toxemic phase marked by jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute liver failure. In the absence of specific antiviral treatment, clinical management relies on early detection, close monitoring, and supportive care. Timely recognition of severe complications, especially liver failure, is essential to improving patient outcomes. Vaccination as a Primary Prevention Tool: Vaccination is the most effective measure for preventing and controlling yellow fever. The yellow fever vaccine is safe, affordable, and provides lifelong protection with a single dose. The WHO’s Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) strategy recommends protecting populations aged 9 months to 60 years in all high-risk countries through routine immunization complemented by preventive mass vaccination campaigns. Achieving and sustaining high immunization coverage among children is essential to maintain strong population immunity. Vaccination of travellers to endemic areas is essential to prevent infection and reduce the risk of international spread. Preventive and outbreak response campaigns should be guided by updated risk assessments, ensuring sufficient vaccine supply and high coverage in at-risk groups. Vaccination decisions must consider precautions such as young age, pregnancy, older adults, and certain immune conditions, while strictly avoiding use in individuals with contraindications. Maintaining robust vaccination strategies is essential to prevent transmission and mitigate outbreak impact. Vector Control and Risk Communication: Effective vector control in urban settings, along with general mosquito bite avoidance strategies, is recommended to prevent disease transmission. Effective risk communication is essential for yellow fever, enabling timely public awareness, promoting preventive behaviors and vaccine acceptance, and should target both travellers and resident populations in high-risk countries. International Travel and Trade: All international travellers aged 9 months and older who are travelling to areas at risk of yellow fever transmission, as defined by WHO, including areas with evidence of persistent or periodic yellow fever virus circulation, are advised to be vaccinated. The vaccine is safe, highly effective, and provides lifelong protection. However, recommendations for infants under 9 months of age, pregnant or breastfeeding women and severely immunocompromised people require careful consideration, with vaccination advised in high-risk settings after weighing potential benefits against risks. Under the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR), it is a country’s prerogative to require proof of yellow fever vaccination from incoming and/or outgoing travellers. For international travel purposes, the administration of yellow fever vaccine shall be documented in the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP); and the documented administration of one single dose of WHO-approved yellow fever vaccine, conferring lifelong immunity, shall be accepted as valid. Given the evolving nature of yellow fever transmission, WHO advises Member States to remain updated with the latest information and guidelines available on the WHO International Travel and Health website. Local health authorities are encouraged to collaborate closely with WHO and other relevant stakeholders to implement effective yellow fever prevention and control measures, ensuring the safety and well-being of populations at risk. WHO does not recommend any restriction on travel to or trade with the countries named in this report, based on the information available on the current event. Continuous efforts to educate travellers on preventive measures, including vaccination, are encouraged. Further information World Health Organization. Yellow fever: fact sheet [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; Available from: https: //www. who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever World Health Organization. A global strategy to eliminate yellow fever epidemics, 2017–2026. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Available from: Eliminate yellow fever epidemics (EYE) strategy 2017-2026 World Health Organization. Epidemiological situation of yellow fever in Africa 2024–2025 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 24]. Available from: https: //cdn. who. int/media/docs/default-source/crs-crr/yf-epidemiologic-situation-in-africa-2024-2025_final. pdf World Health Organization. Global yellow fever update. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 2025 Oct 31; 100(44). Available from: https: //iris. who. int/server/api/core/bitstreams/d4d65932-c8d8-40bb-aa92-5e010e8ed67f/content World Health Organization. Country vaccination requirements and WHO recommendations for international travellers and malaria prophylaxis per country. Geneva: WHO; 2022 Nov 18 (rev. 2023 Jan 3). Available from: https: //cdn. who. int/media/docs/default-source/travel-and-health/vaccination-requirements-and-who-recommendations-ith-2022-country-list. pdf? sfvrsn=be429f2_1&download=true World Health Organization. International travel and health: manual. Geneva: WHO; 2012. Available from: https: //www. who. int/publications/i/item/9789241580472 World Health Organization. Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, October 2018: conclusions and recommendations. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 2018; 93(49): 661–80. Available from: https: //www. who. int/publications/i/item/WER9349 World Health Organization. Yellow fever vaccine: WHO position on the use of fractional doses – June 2017. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 2017; 92(25): 345–56. Available from: https: //www. who. int/publications/i/item/who-wer9225 World Health Organization. International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision: yellow fever. Available from: https: //www. who. int/groups/icg/yellow-fever. Accessed 19 Jun 2026. World Health Organization. Yellow fever outbreak toolbox [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2026 [cited 2026 Jun 19]. Available from: https: //www. who. int/emergencies/outbreak-toolkit/disease-outbreak-toolboxes/yellow-fever-outbreak-toolbox World Health Organization. I nternational Health Regulations (2005): as amended in 2014, 2022 and 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2026. Available from: https: //apps. who. int/gb/bd/pdf_files/IHR_2014-2022-2024-en. pdf World Health Organization. Extension to life of protection provided by yellow fever vaccination, and validity of related certificate. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from: https: //www. who. int/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/travel-advice/extension-to-life-on-yellow-fever-vaccination-en. pdf Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health (WSH). Water and sanitation interventions to prevent and control mosquito‐borne disease: focus on emergencies. Geneva: WHO; 2024 Apr 10. Available from: https: //www. who. int/publications/i/item/9789240090644 Pan American Health Organization. Recommendations for Laboratory Detection and Diagnosis of Arbovirus Infections in the Region of the Americas. Washington, DC: PAHO; 2023. Available from: https: //iris. paho. org/handle/10665. 2/57555 Pan American Health Organization. Technical guidance for entomological surveillance and control of yellow fever vectors. Washington (DC): PAHO; 2026. Available from: https: //iris. paho. org/handle/10665. 2/70088 Citable reference: World Health Organization (24 June 2026). Disease Outbreak News. Yellow fever, Global. Available at: https: //www. who. int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON610
World: Disease Outbreak News: Yellow fever – Global (24 June 2026)
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